The following work is focused on improvements of the Laboratory of Informatics. The research is based on the problems encountered in its facilities due to the lack of resources in the classroom and not having enough resources for education, it becomes an inappropriate place for attending class. The main focus is on occupational positions of users and the environment, which do not help to maintain the correct posture in front of the computer, generating future lumbar problems, scoliosis, among others. To support the inconvenient found the information was collected with primary research sources and through surveys that verified the discomfort of the students. The analysis of the data allowed the proposal to be worked in generalized terms, and to establish recommendations and conclusions for overall adequacy of the laboratory, contributing with strategies to improve the facilities and safeguard the health of users.

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación está enfocado en mejoras para el laboratorio de Informática. La investigación se sustenta en la problemática encontrada en sus instalaciones, debido a las falencias existentes en el aula, y el no contar con recursos necesarios para la enseñanza, se convierte en un lugar inadecuado para recibir clases. El enfoque principal está en los puestos ocupacionales de los usuarios y el ambiente, los cuales no favorecen para mantener la postura correcta frente al computador, generando a futuro problemas lumbares, Escoliosis y otros. Como soporte del inconveniente encontrado se realizó el levantamiento de información con fuentes de investigación primaria, y por medio de encuestas se verificó la inconformidad de los estudiantes. El análisis de los datos permitió trabajar de manera generalizada en la propuesta y establecer recomendaciones, conclusiones para adecuación total del laboratorio, contribuyendo de esta forma con estrategias para mejorar sus instalaciones y precautelar la salud de los usuarios.

Introduction: Oral parafunctions are considered one of the causal factors of temporomandibular disorders and have gained importance in recent decades, especially in child and young populations, although evidence is scarce in the preschool children and nonexistent in the indigenous groups. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral parafunctions and the presence of caries in pehuenche preschool children, from Alto Biobio commune , the poorest one in Chile, as well as the possible association of the ethnodemographic and the socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: A sample comprised 71 children from 2 to 5 years attending kindergarten; the permission of local authorities and the informed consent of parents were granted. Socio-ethno-demographic variables, decay presence in primary teeth (dmft index) according to WHO criteria and the presence of 8 oral parafunctions: finger sucking, object sucking, sucking on bottle, pacifier and lip sucking, tongue thrust, onychophagia and mouth breathing, were all evaluated through a survey made to kindergarten educators. Results: Of the studied children, 9.86% were caries-free and the dmft index was 6.83 ±4.65, increasing with the age, hence, it was 2.8 at age 2 and 8.23 at age 5. Oral parafunctions average was 1.73 ±1.06 per child, significantly higher in women, pehuenches and extremely poor children. Prevalence for any of the 8 oral parafunctions was 90.86% and for those associated with non-nutritive sucking was 77.46%. The most prevalent were bottle and labial sucking (26.76%), onychophagia (29.58%) and finger sucking (47.89%). Conclusions: Decay presence in these preschool children is very high, whereas the prevalence of oral parafunctions is similar to that of other populations, affecting more children in extreme poverty setting and pehuenches. All this is possibly related to the social vulnerability of the commune. These results highlighted the urgent need of implementing preventive, promotional and therapeutic strategies in this population.

Introducción: las parafunciones bucales son consideradas uno de los factores causales de los trastornos temporomandibulares que han tomado mucha relevancia en las últimas décadas, especialmente en poblaciones infanto-juveniles, aunque la evidencia en preescolares es escasa y nula en grupos indígenas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales y presencia de caries en preescolares de comunidades pehuenches, de la comuna de Alto Biobio, la más pobre de Chile, así como su posible relación con características etnodemográficas y socioeconómicas. Métodos: se tomó una muestra que estuvo conformada por 71 niños de 2 a 5 años los cuales asisten a jardín infantil. Se contó con la autorización de las autoridades locales y el consentimiento informado de los padres. Se evaluaron variables socio-etnodemográficas, presencia de caries en dientes temporales (índice ceod) de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la presencia de 8 parafunciones bucales: succión digital, de objetos, de mamadera, de chupete, labial, interposición lingual, onicofagia y respiración bucal mediante encuesta a las educadoras de los jardines. Resultados: el 9,86 % de preescolares estaba libre de caries y el ceod fue 6,83 ± 4,65, lo que aumenta con la edad, 2,8 (a los 2 años) y 8,23 (a los 5 años). El promedio de parafunciones bucales por preescolar fue 1,73 ± 1,06, significativamente mayor en mujeres, pehuenches y preescolares de extrema pobreza. La prevalencia para alguna de las 8 parafunciones bucales fue de 90,86 % y 77,46 % para las asociadas a succión. Las más prevalentes son succión de mamadera y labial (26,76 %), onicofagia (29,58 %) y succión digital (47,89 %). Conclusiones: la presencia de caries en estos preescolares es muy alta, mientras que la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales es similar a otras poblaciones, lo que afecta más a preescolares de extrema pobreza y pehuenches, posiblemente relacionado con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad social de la comuna. Estos resultados resaltan la urgencia de implementar medidas promocionales, preventivas y terapéuticas en esta población.

Between may and july 1994, 17 adult returning salmons, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were collected in the River Simpson, Chile. All fishes showed infection by plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium sp. in different locations: stomach, spleen, liver, mesenteries and gonads. Infection with larval cestodes of an unidentified species of Phillobothriidae was determined in the intestine of seven (41.2%) salmons and its prevalences of infection showed significant differences between female and male salmons. The 94.4% of total plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium were isolated from the stomach wall. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by Diphyllobothrium sp. did not show significant difference between fishes of different sex.

Descreve-se um teste para anticorpos IgM-antitoxoplasma baseado na técnica de captura de IgM do soro por anticorpos anti-IgM adsorvidos a placas plásticas. Para evidenciação dos anticorpos antitoxoplasma nessa fração, utiliza-se uma suspensão de hemácias humanas, formolizadas e sensibilizadas por antígenos de Toxoplasma gondii. Nos testes positivos estas aparecem como uma camada contínua, enquanto que nos testes negativos depositam-se ao fundo das cavidades das placas. A leitura dos testes é muito mais evidente do que na técnica anteriormente proposta por Desmonts e cols, 1981, que utiliza suspensões de toxoplasmas. A suspensão de hemácias sensibilizadas pode ser preparada por simples diluição do reagente para o teste de hemaglutinação para a toxoplasmose.

A test is described for the detection oflgM anti-toxoplasma antibodies based on the technique of serum IgM capture by anti-IgM antibodies adsorbed to plasticplates. A suspension of formolized human erythrocytes, sensitized with Toxoplasma gondii antigens is then used as a indicative of anti-toxoplasma specificity of the captured antibodies. The use of sensitized red-cells instead of parasite suspensions, as previously described by Desmonts et al., 1981, results in a more practical test. Adequate red cells suspensions are easily prepared just by diluting the usual toxoplasmosis hemagglutination reagent and reading the test is much facilitated with red cells as indicator than with the colorlessparasites, with clear- cut results. The test was comparable in sensitivity to the IgM-immunofluorescence test, but with no inteiference of rheumatoid factor or competition oflgG antibodies.